The first major new railway line in Kenya for more than a century, running between the capital Nairobi and the coastal city of Mombasa, faces an immediate challenge of justifying its relatively high cost.
At $5.6m per kilometre for the track alone, Kenya’s line cost close to three times the international standard and four times the original estimate.
So it is perhaps not surprising that Kenyans have been asking why they seem to have paid so much.
Kenya’s new 472km (293 mile) railway is the country’s biggest infrastructure investment since its independence in 1963.
Built to a modern “standard gauge”, it runs parallel to the now-dilapidated metre gauge railway line from the colonial era.
While everyone agrees that Kenya desperately needs more infrastructure, not everyone agrees that this was the most economically sensible solution.
Cost comparisons have been made between this line and Ethiopia’s 756km Addis Ababa-Djibouti line launched last year.
Both are Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) projects financed by Chinese loans, costing $3.4bn (£2.6bn) for Ethiopia and $3.2bn for Kenya.
Ethiopia’s line is more than 250km longer and is electrified, which is typically more expensive; trains running on Kenya’s line will be diesel-powered.
The Kenyan government has said the reasons for this high cost include the terrain that required many bridges and tunnels, land compensation and a need for specifications that would handle greater cargo volumes than Ethiopia’s line.
Therefore, it says, the two projects are not directly comparable.
About 80% of the money for the new railway came through loans from China.
The loans are the country’s biggest yet – amounting to roughly 6% of Kenya’s gross domestic product (GDP), which is a measure of a country’s economic activity, including all the services and goods produced in a year.
Before Kenya started building the railway, government advisers Canadian Pacific Consulting Services (CPSC) challenged its economic viability in a 2009 study.
It concluded that the benefit of building a new standard gauge railway would be marginal. It was considered “cost prohibitive” using “even the most optimistic” traffic and income projections, it said.
But Transport Minister James Macharia has said the Kenyan government expects the new line to boost GDP by 1.5%, allowing the Chinese loans to be paid back “in about four years”.
That projection runs counter to recent fears that Kenya may soon become unable to pay the large amounts owing on existing loans.
Heavy borrowing has seen public debt rise to more than half of GDP in the last four years, yet there has been no corresponding growth in revenue.
Most of the railway’s revenue is expected to come from transporting cargo. Only 5% of cargo is currently being transported on the old railway line while 95% goes by road, but Kenya Railways is aiming to push its share to 40% by 2025 with the new track.
It is possible that a law will be passed requiring certain goods to be transported by rail to ensure a massive transfer of freight away from the roads.
Funding for the 472km (293 mile) project was provided by China.
It took three-and-a-half years to build, using Chinese track-laying technology The line is supposed to eventually connect land-locked South Sudan, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi and Ethiopia to the Indian Ocean.
It cuts the journey time between Mombasa and Nairobi to four-and-a-half hours, compared with nine hours by bus or 12 hours on the previous railway.
An economy class ticket costs 900 Kenyan shillings ($9; £7), slightly cheaper than a bus ticket. A business class ticket is $30.
The new railway also faces a regional contest. Tanzania and Kenya compete to serve the transit trade of landlocked Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi.
A 2013 World Bank study predicted that freight traffic on the entire East Africa Community rail network would grow to approximately 14.4 million tonnes per year by 2030.
The same study found that investment in a standard gauge railway appeared “only to be justified if the new infrastructure could attract additional rail freight in the order of 20-55 million tonnes per year”.
By that measure, the railway would need to win all of the freight currently trucked to and from Mombasa – and more. According to the Kenya Ports Authority, Mombasa port handled a total of just over 26 million tonnes of cargo in 2015.
